Bronsted-Lowry Acid Definition

In 1923, chemists Johannes Nicolaus Brà ¸nsted and Thomas Martin Lowry independently described acids and bases based on whether they donate or accept hydrogen ions (H). The groups of acids and bases defined in this manner came to be known as either Bronsted, Lowry-Bronsted, or  Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases. A Bronsted-Lowry acid is defined as a substance that gives up or donates hydrogen ions during a chemical reaction. In contrast, a Bronsted-Lowry base accepts hydrogen ions. Another way of looking at it is that a Bronsted-Lowry acid donates protons, while the base accepts protons. Species that can either donate or accept protons, depending on the situation, are considered to be amphoteric. The Bronsted-Lowry theory differs from the Arrhenius theory is allowing acids and bases that dont necessarily contain hydrogen cations and hydroxide anions. Key Takeaways: Bronsted-Lowry Acid The Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases was proposed independently in 1923 by Johannes Nicolaus Brà ¸nsted and Thomas Martin Lowry.A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a chemical species that donates one or more hydrogen ions in a reaction. In contrast, a Bronsted-Lowry base accepts hydrogen ions. When it donates its proton, the acid becomes its conjugate base.A more general look at the theory is an acid as a proton donor and a base as a proton acceptor. Conjugate Acids and Bases in Bronsted-Lowry Theory Every Bronsted-Lowry acid donates its proton to a species which is its conjugate base. Every Bronsted-Lowry base similarly accepts a proton from its conjugate acid. For example, in the reaction: HCl (aq) NH3 (aq)→ NH4 (aq) Cl- (aq) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)  donates a proton to ammonia (NH3) to form the ammonium cation (NH4) and the chloride anion (Cl-). Hydrochloric acid is a Bronsted-Lowry acid; the chloride ion is its conjugate base. Ammonia is a Bronsted-Lowry base; its conjugate acid is the ammonium ion. Sources Brà ¶nsted, J. N. (1923). Einige Bemerkungen à ¼ber den Begriff der Sà ¤uren und Basen [Some observations about the concept of acids and bases]. Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas. 42 (8): 718–728. doi:10.1002/recl.19230420815Lowry, T. M. (1923). The uniqueness of hydrogen. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. 42 (3): 43–47. doi:10.1002/jctb.5000420302

Rich, Wealth, Poverty, And Healthcare Essay - 1619 Words

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Poverty in the US is an existing issue in the US with 43.1 million people living below the poverty line, reported by the Census Bureau in 2015. â€Å"Health insurance, poverty, and healthcare are all interconnected,† states Annals, this is because those living in poverty or low-income families are unable to afford health insurance. Due to this those living before the poverty line often don’t have access to primary care. Primary care is essential to good health, it provides access to physician’s care, and preventative care. Having limited access to healthcare is a main reason low-income individuals are more sick, lack of access to medical care to treat illnesses only worsens diseases that should be treated or managed early on. 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Political Economy of Financial Harmonization

Question: Discuss about the Political Economy of Financial Harmonization. Answer: Introduction: Chairperson of IASB has set certain criteria of reporting financial information that considers that the financial information must be comparable from company and company, important for the investment financial decisions, faithful depiction of the economic reality and should be neutral that favors neither either the non-user capital of supplier that is neither seller nor buyer of the securities. In the recent days complex economic environment, particularly the capital markets considers to meet, the criteria set by the IASB because of the need of the organizations to focus on the common shareholders (Camfferman and Zeff 2015). Financial reporting these days addresses such criteria as this considers focusing on the information for the credit and investment decisions. Organizations these days are highly aware of addressing the IASB financial reporting criteria in order to offer accurate image of its performance and for addressing the needs of all user groups of such information. Reliability of Financial Accounting Information despite Several Limitations and Publishing Such Information in Public Domain The financial accounting information has certain limitations, which considers that financial accounting does not offer information for evaluating process because of several factors such as seasonal fluctuations in business volume. Reliability of the financial information is deemed to be relied upon in order to represent the conditions and events those are intended to be represented (Arnold 2012). Reliability of the financial information is rooted from representational verifiability, neutrality and faithfulness. Despite such limitations, reliability of the information can be determined if the information is complied with the IASB regulations of faithful representation. Financial information should be published in the public domain only if it is easily accessible to the general public member when requested by them. However, it must be considered that public domain disclosure must reveal something new. For instance, such information must be elaborative and is able to place information i n new context (Camfferman and Zeff 2015). Reference List Arnold, P.J., 2012. The political economy of financial harmonization: The East Asian financial crisis and the rise of international accounting standards.Accounting, Organizations and Society,37(6), pp.361-381. Camfferman, K. and Zeff, S.A., 2015.Aiming for global accounting standards: the International Accounting Standards Board, 2001-2011. Oxford University Press, USA.

Truth Essays - Philosophical Methodology, Philosophical Movements

Truth There are three ways in which one is able to find truth: through reason (A is A), by utilizing the senses (paper burns) or by faith (God is all loving). As the period of the Renaissance came to a close, the popular paradigm for philosophers shifted from faith to reason and finally settling on the senses. Thinkers began to challenge authorities, including great teachers such as Aristotle and Plato, and through skepticism the modern world began. The French philosopher, Ren? Descartes who implemented reason to find truth, as well as the British empiricist David Hume with his usage of analytic-synthetic distinction, most effectively utilized the practices of skepticism in the modern world. Ren? Descartes was the first philosopher to introduce the intellectual system known as ?radical doubt.? According to Descartes, everything he had learned before could have possibly been tainted by society or the senses, therefore he began to tear down the edifice of knowledge and rebuild it from the foundations up? (Palmer 157). It was not that everything necessarily had to be false, but physical laws could not offer absolute certainty. Therefore Descartes used reason alone as his tool towards gaining absolute truth; truth being something that one could not possibly doubt. In his conclusion, Descartes found that the only thing that holds absolutely true is his existence. His famous quote, ?Cogito ergo sum? can be translated into ?I think, therefore I am.? By this Descartes implied that when you doubt, someone is doubting, and you cannot doubt that you are. With this revelation, the French philosopher continued to define selfhood as his consciousness. For in Descartes terms, it was pl ausible to doubt that one has a body, but impossible to doubt the existence of one's mind; therefore self and mind must be identical? (Palmer 162). Hume on the other hand, took a different approach to the idea of self. He believed that there in fact was no such thing as selfhood. Instead he asserts that ?it must be some one impression, that gives rise to every real idea. But self?is not any one impression, but that to which our several impressions and ideas are supposed to have a reference (597). By this he implies that in order to form concrete ideas, ones impressions of pain, pleasure, joy, etc. must be invariable throughout time. This, Hume states, we know without a doubt to be impossible. Passions succeed each other over time and give rise to new passions, therefore it cannot be from any of these impressions?that the idea of self is derived, and consequently there is no such idea? (597). Although like Descartes, Hume practiced the art of radical skepticism, he felt that if he could not utilize his senses to prove something it was meaningless. Hume continued development of Leibniz's analytical-synthetic distinction, or in Hume's words a distinction between relations of ideas and matters of fact? (Palmer 197). Analytical propositions are true by definition and are a priori, and therefore necessarily true. Synthetic propositions are not true by definition and posteriori, and consequently can be false. However while Hume used these propositions to define analysis, his main clarification was that while one has the two levels of knowledge, that which is sensible and that which is found through reason, there is no separation between the two.